Pediatrics and Neonatology

Neonatology is a branch of medicine which deals with the medical care of infants, premature newborn, and more specially week new born. Neonatologists were the doctors who plays the major role in treating the infants and new born during the critical conditions of the child health sue to low birth weight, illness, congenital malformations, and some includes birth defects. Perinatology is the branch of medicine which focuses on managing the health concerns and conditions of the fetus and mother, during the pregnancy or after or prior.  Perinatology is also known as Maternal–fetal medicine (MFM). 

Clinical Pediatrics will explore regarding the patterns of pediatric drug of mother services to ,neonates, infants, newborn, children, teenagers, youngsters,  by applying various investigations to the child  maladies, diagnosing, treatment, and drug administration during the developmental stage. The clinical studies to the child will be are conducted in clinical, logical, conduct, instructive, or moral type of nature. The observation of child will plays a major role after the administration of drug from mother rather than the theoretical or laboratory studies. 

In 18^th century, in children the Edward Jenner’s smallpox vaccination experiment is probably considered to be a first documented procedure population, later during the period of 19^th century when the pediatric medicine known as a recognized specialty, most of the innocent children from the pediatric hospitals and orphanages has noticed as a major source for conducting the clinical trials on children.  So to stop this kind of clinical trials on innocent children the real opposition came forward to put an end in 19^th century.  But these days we cannot find any experimentation clinical trials in healthy kids.

Pediatric health Care  is also known as therapeutic care of newborn, infants, children, kids and young people it is also considered as branch of medicine with metal, physical and social health of new born, infants, children, adolescent and young people. Pediatric health care enclose a wide range of specific healthcare services are extending by addressing the prevention to the diagnoses and treatment of chronic and acute diseases in children from the age group of 1 to 18 year.

The supply of essential nutrients and adequate caloric intake is very much necessary to extend the growth of physiologic requirements at various stages of child development is regulated by Pediatric nutrition. In infants the nutrition supplement to the body needs vary considerably with age. 100% proteins to infant will get through mother milk and 99% of proteins will supplied through Egg yolk. The calcium levels can be increased by better intake of dairy products. In children during the developing stages between infancy and adolescence, the sufficient nutrition supplement is important. 

The Restorative care of youngsters and neonates up to the puberty stage is operated under the department of  Pediatric Nursing. The neonatal nurses are considered as registered nurses, whom having a expertise skills and working with these youth full and treating the vulnerable patients.  Neonatal nursing is the branch of health care services that certainly focusing in giving the care and support for the new born babies and infants who are suffering with birth defects.   NICU plays a major role in regards to medical care to the neonates and also to the children who are under ventilation control. 

The sub-specialty of both pediatrics and emergency medicine is known as pediatric emergency medicine (PEM). It involves unscheduled, undifferentiated children’s who are suffering with acute illness or injuries which requires immediate medical attention. In the department of pediatric emergency medicine the intensive care units are very actively organized 24/7.The physicians will provide active services to the children by undertaking necessary investigations and interventions to diagnose patients who are in acute phase. The practice of pediatric emergency physicians is done in hospital at emergency department.

The branch of medicine which is in involved in diagnosing and treatment of cancer in children, new born, infants is considered as pediatric oncology. The age range of 1 to 18 years will be treated in pediatric oncology and more often up to the age of 18, with tumour, the children who are affected with cancer having the high death rate chances, still these children are connected with the different types of malignancies.

The specialized branch of medicine which deals with the management and diagnosis of neurological conditions in infants, neonates, children and adolescents is called as Pediatric Neurology.  The neurological disturbances in children will leads to Epilepsy in children, Acute flaccid myelitis, Batten disease, Childhood disintegrative disorder, Congenital bilateral perisylvian syndrome, Tay–Sachs disease .

The surgery of infants, babies, foetuses, adolescent, and children is performed by a super speciality fame of surgery called as Pediatric Surgery. In the field of pediatric surgery these days we can see unique sorts of novel techniques and strategies at many of the children hospitals. The intensive care units of pediatric surgery includes neonatal surgery, foetal surgery, and related organ surgeries.

Neonatal surgery is a very specific and the most complex field of Pediatric Surgery. In the period when organ-particular super-claims to fame are pursuing turf wars on pediatric medical procedure, the last remains secure at any rate for neonatal medical procedure. Neonatal medical procedure is to be sure the gem in the crown of our claim to fame.

The Pediatric critical care medicine is considered as a delayed process of progressing in the ventilation and resuscitation, physiology & anatomy, Pediatric emergency medicine, Pediatric surgery, Pediatric cardiology, pediatric general medicine. The pediatric nursing play a major role in evaluation of critical care units.  Physicians of pediatric critical care still involved in many remarkable achievements by understanding the complications of treatment to the children who are critically ill.

Pediatric infectious diseases caused by the infectious agents such as Fungus, Bacteria, parasite viral disease. Viral infection is the most common in infants and children which cause, vomiting, diarrhoea, sore throat, and fever with a rash. The chronic viral infections are very dangerous to children’s will leads to cause measles, this is found to be less common because of widespread immunisation.  In children the skin infection is the most common bacterial infection.  Skin infection such as impetigo is most often seen in children and other related infections are, throat infection, ear infections.

The Infection which obtained during the period of prenatal development or in the first four weeks of neonate life is called as neonatal infection. Antibiotics will participate effectively in neonatal infections. The neonatal infection is also caused due to rupture of membrane during the fetus developmental stage. 

Pediatric infectious diseases are the illnesses which will influence the child have a routine or persistence disease caused by infectious agents such as Bacteria, Fungus, and a parasite viral disease etc. Some of the Pediatric infectious diseases incorporate bone infections, skin diseases, joint diseases, blood contaminations. Pediatric infectious diseases professionals treat an extensive variety of infections and immunologic diseases that are complex or atypical.

The branch of medicine which deals in treating the child heart conditions  is called as pediatric cardiology, the pediatric cardiologists are consider as a the doctors who involved in treating the heart conditions after child birth during the critical stage.  The children who are suffering with the heart and respiratory problems, then it will come under the category of cardiopulmonary disease.

Neonatal cardiology will talk about the clinical highlights and determination of basic inborn coronary illness in a neonate, this study will helps in understanding the medical & surgical management studies by the early diagnosis for identifying the neonates with heart diseases. Management of PPHN is the major procedure involved and in revise diagnosis.

 New born infants should exclusively be fed with breast milk for the 6 months after the birth. Infants does not receive any of the additional foods, except vitamin D or fluids unless medically recommended by doctor, hence the breast feeding will plays a major role in nourishing the child with good nutrient supplement. As mother will continue the breast feeding for 6 months, after 1 year mother should add complimentary food along with breast feeding to the infant as a solid or semisolid food particle for further digestion improvement. To all infants on the first day, Vitamins and Mineral Supplements like Vitamin K₁ (Phytonadione) at a dose of 0.5 to 1.0 mg, it is also known as intramuscular vitamin, and this should be administered routinely in to the infant body to reduce, to reduce the risk of hemorrhagic disease of the newborn. 

The imbalance of immunity in children body due to allergies or with other related problems is referred immunology. Immune system of children will fight against the infections during this stage if child had allergy in his or her body then the immune system will reacts to the things which are usually harmless in nature, few of such examples includes are mold spores, pollen, dust, pet dander, allergic food, improper medication.

If we consider worldwide, millions of children’s are suffering from allergic diseases such as atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, food allergy, asthma, atopic. The treatment and diagnosis of these children requires a special attention in regards to the complexities not only of childhood but also includes disease and developmental processes. Pediatric immune system responds quickly to the environmental Pharmaceutical particles by this the pediatrics children face the problems like, tissue inflammation 

The study of Pediatric osteology is a detailed study of the children’s structure of bones and the occurrence of pediatric fractures in young children sue to child abuse or during playing sports or other activities. In children the bones are very sensitive during the age period of 1 – 10 years old. The bucket handle fracture is most commonly seen in the children of age group of 2 years old. Clavicle fractures bone is considered as a most common fracture bone in children, this occurs under the age of seven years. The pediatric fractures victims are the only children who affected with child abuse. 

Pediatric radiology is a profession branch of radiology which play major role in imaging of, infants, children, adolescents, foetuses, and young adults. The pediatric radiologist person who is involved in diagnosing the problem in children related problems.  Pediatric radiology is given the collective information of fetus and dynamics of a growing body, from pre-term infants to large adolescents and to identify the proper growth patterns and phases. 

The recent analysis from the pediatric nephrology unit reveals that, in pediatric and neonatal intensive care units, the acute kidney injury (AKI) is noticed as a common complication along with this renal transplantation therapy is more intermittently applied to the children for whom the supportive therapy is not up to the mark to reach the metabolic demands. In more cases, peritoneal dialysis is more selectively preferred in children than the renal transplantation to the aid of non-complexity of the procedure.

Universal Access Progress reports according to the 2010, it resembles that 90% of HIV infections in children is addressing form mother –to-child-transmission, this HIV virus is passed from mother living with HIV infection to fetus during the fetal developmental stage. The most Common infections in HIV-positive children will includes ear and sinus infections, pneumonias, sepsis , Intestinal illness, skin disease, urinary tract infections and meningitis.

Antiretroviral Therapy is the best initiating treatment for the pregnant woman for preventing mother-to-child transmission. This Antiretroviral therapy should be started in early stage to the pregnant mother and also to the infant during the delivery stage.   

Childhood Obesity is noted as a major problem which leads to increased levels of cholesterol and diabetics in early stages of children. Genetic factors, lack of physical activity, unhealthy eating patterns of junk food is considered as a most common reason for childhood obesity. Imbalance of blood pressure is also seen in the childhood obesity.  In children BMI is evaluated by using age- and gender –specifications that take in to account of the different growth patterns for genders.  National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys indicates that about 17 % of children ages 2-19 years are under the category of childhood obesity.