Pediatrics and Neonatology

Pediatric Urology and Nephrology feel like similar cases but the Urology deals with structural and external issues of children’s urinary system and the nephrology therapies involves the diagnosis of internal structures and functions in children. Mainly these both systems deal with acute and chronic urological problems in newborns. Also involves in diagnosis and treatment of congenital genitourinary abnormalities in children.

• Hernia
• Spinal ifida
• Hypospadias
• Hydronephrosis
• Nocturnal Enuresis
• Neurogenic Bladder
• Undescended Testes
• Vesicoureteral Reflux
• Antenatal Hydronephrosis
• Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction

Endocrinology deals with the imbalances or disorders of Endocrine glands. If these conditions occur in the children will be treated by the Pediatric Endocrinologist. Pediatric Endocrinology involves in diagnosis and treating several abnormal conditions of endocrine glands, hormonal imbalances and growth problems in children. The major conditions treated under Pediatric Endocrinology are,

• Diabetes in children: DM, Type 1 & 2
• Hyper & Hypothyroidism
• Puberty Disorders
• Turner Syndrome
• Short stature: Growth problems
• Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)
• Calcium disorders: Hypercalcaemia, Hypocalcaemia, Juvenile Osteoporosis
• Disorders of Sexual Differentiation:
• Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)
•  Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS)
• 5-alpha-reductase deficiency (5ARD)

Pediatric Dentistry is the branch of Dental Sciences. This is categorized based on the age. This condition is named for the children from infant to adolescent. It deals with dental and oral problems with their diagnosis. This Pediatric Dentistry is one of the eight specialties recognized by the American Dental Association. Some of the issues treated under this category are,

• Grinding
• Bad Breath
• Tooth Decay
•  Gum Disease
• Canker Sores
• Wisdom Teeth
• Sensitive Teeth
• Thumb-sucking
•  Orthodontic Problems
• Over-Retained Primary Teeth

Pediatric Dermatology involves in children care (newborn-adolescent) with skin disorders and/or diseases. In this Pediatric Dermatology, the hair and nails are as important as skin. The hair and nail are composed of keratin and may lead to some of the diseases which affect the skin and other organs as well. Some of the listed Pediatric dermatological disorders.

• Birthmarks
• Genodermatosis
• Neonatal dermatoses
• Neurocutaneous disorders
• Congenital malformations of skin
• Dermatoses: Metabolic, nutritional
• Childhood Infections: Viral, bacterial, fungal
• Other miscellaneous conditions

Newborns will have an immature immune system which is open for high infections and risk factors may reduce the therapeutic activity. Baby birth is a major point of contact for the infections. Child vaccination refers to the vaccination done in prior to pregnancy, during pregnancy, and during the post-partum period (both for the mother and her newborn), in order to provide protection to both the mother and her newborn child.

Some of the diseases treated by this Perinatal Vaccination,

• Varicella
• Hepatitis A
• Hepatitis B
• Influenza (flu)
• Pneumococcal Disease
• Meningococcal Disease
• Tetanus, Diphtheria, and Pertussis
• Measles-Mumps-Rubella (MMR)

A Clinical or a Medical case report contains detailed information on the symptoms, signs, diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient, a disease or a disorder. Pediatric clinical case reports deal with the cases related to the pediatrics like adolescent medicine, pediatric cardiology, critical care for newborn, pediatric dentistry, developmental and behavioral disorders, pediatric endocrinology, gastroenterology, pediatric genetics, oncology, neonatology & perinatology, nephrology, neurology, pediatric surgery and more. These are very useful in medical, scientific, and educational purposes.

• Unusual presentations of a disease
• Unique or rare features of a disease
• Therapeutic approach in childhood
• Latest variations in disease processes
• Management of new and emerging diseases
• Pathogenesis of a disease or an adverse effect
• Unusual side effects or adverse interactions with medications

Critical pediatrics care is specially dealing with the ill, injured and unstable conditions of the baby. The critical child care and medication deal with the diagnosing and management of life-threatening conditions and requires intensive care and observation.

Some major unstable conditions of a baby,

• Asthma
•  Pneumonia
• Near drowning
•  Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)

Pediatric immunology is a branch of medical specialty that deals with immunologic or allergic disorders of youngsters. As system acts as a significant role in identification of the spy and make the defense, kids with immunological disorder are a lot of at risk of cancers. There are many varieties of organs in our body that plays important role in immunologic functions.  The organs embrace thymus, bone marrow, spleen and tonsils. Medical specialty touches each medical specialty subspecialty. Most closely aligned to hypersensitivity reaction and medical specialty, medical specialty conjointly has shut ties to infectious diseases, hematology, and medicine.

Genetic predisposition for childhood cancer is under diagnosis. Syndrome-specific screening programs may lead to early detection of a further independent malignancy. Cancer policy investigation may additionally be guaranteed for affected relatives and detection of a change will leave procreative subject matter. Genetic testing in pediatric medicine is of  interest to the families, and therefore the overwhelming majority opts for investigation into probably underlying CPSs. Trio sequencing provides distinctive insights into Hertz in pediatric cancers and is progressively changing into a standard approach in fashionable medicine, and thus, trio sequencing wants additionally to be integrated habitually into the observe of pediatric medicine, Because the understanding of the genetic etiology of childhood cancers will increase, the necessity for the involvement of specialists at home with the availability of counseling for this population is predominant.

Toxic exposures occur frequently in children throughout the world. Common patterns of poisoning consist of exploratory ingestions in children younger than six years of age and intentional ingestions and recreational drug use in older children and adolescents. Drug treatment in children differs from that in adults, most obviously because it is usually based on weight or surface area. Doses (and dosing intervals) differ because of age-related variations in drug absorption; distribution, metabolism, and elimination (see Pharmacokinetics in Children). A child cannot safely receive an adult drug dose, nor can it be assumed that a child’s dose is proportional to an adult’s dose (i.e, that a 7-kg child requires 1/10 the dose of a 70-kg adult).  Considering the relatively high percentage of toxic exposures that involve drugs, it is fortunate that only a few medications are truly life-threatening to a young child who ingests only one or two pills or one to two teaspoon-sized swallows. None of the medications listed in Table 2 will injure every exposed child.

The perinatal period is thought to be the highest risk for human death (foetal or neonatal death). Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine covers a considerably wide range of issues such as complicated pregnancy, obstetric complications, foetal diagnosis, treatment, maternal emergencies and surgical complications of pregnancy and their effects on the mother, foetus, and neonate. In particular, the complicated pregnancy has a connection with drug use. Maternal and foetal medicine goal is to benefit mothers and their babies with the critical support to deliver a healthy baby through advancing research in clinical care and discovery.

• Neonatal Resuscitation
• High-risk pregnancies
• Amniocentesis
• Blood clotting disorders
• Pregnancy hypertension (high blood pressure)
• Multiple births (twins, triplets, etc.)

In Pediatrics the developmental and behavioral issues include disorders in children’s learning, behavior and development stages. Child mental health is just as important as their physical health. Some serious mental health problems are

• Bipolar disorder
• Developmental delays
• Externalizing disorders
•  Enuresis and encopresis
• ADHD tends to appear in childhood
•  Developmental & learning disabilities
• Hyperactivity disorder & oppositional defiant disorder

The goals of the Gastroenterology division are to provide outstanding children medical care to persons with diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and liver, to train gastroenterology and to perform cutting-edge biomedical research to improve our understanding of digestive diseases. While treating these conditions and clinical cases in children will be pronounced by adding a prefix PEDIATRIC- and the treatment conditions also will be different and delicate.

• Complications of ERCP
• Liver Transplant Programs
• Sphincter of Oddi Dysfunction
• Malignant Hilar Biliary Obstruction
• Endoscopic Therapy of Pancreatic Diseases

Pediatrics is the main branch of medicine that deals with the medical supervision of children, infants, and adolescents. A pediatrician is a child's physician who produces preventive health preservation for healthy children and medical supervision for children who are acutely or chronically ill. Pediatricians hold the mental, physical, and emotional well-being of their patients, in every phase of development in good health or in illness. They also are tangled with the prevention, early detection, and dealing of other problems that influence children and adolescents. 

Neonatology is a subspecialty of pediatrics that consists of the intensive care of newborn infants, especially premature newborn. It is a hospital-based specialty, and is usually practiced in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). Neonatologist is trained particularly to handle the most complex and high-risk situations. Perinatology is a sub-branch of Obstetrics. It is meant for mother-fetus at higher than normal risk. It deals with the complications in child development during pregnancy. It starts at 20th to 28th week of gestation and ends 1 to 4 weeks after birth. Perinatologist work very closely with neonatologist  after a child’s birth. Perinatologists assist in complications like pre-existing health concerns and complications caused by pregnancy.

Pediatric Cardiology deals with resolving inherent heart disorders, variations from the norm in the heart and performing demonstrative techniques, for example, echocardiogram and electrophysiology thinks about. Chronic Heart Disease (CHD) is an issue in the structure of heart amid the season of birth. The deformities might be in the dividers of the heart, the valves of the heart, and the corridors and veins close to the heart. The indications can vary from none to dangerous. CHD can be caused because of Genetic conditions, taking pharmaceuticals or liquor amid pregnancy, viral contamination like Rubella, poor nourishing status or stoutness in the mother. A few medicines should be possible by catheter-based systems and heart medical procedures. Consistently, in excess of 35,000 children in the United States are conceived with inherent heart abandons.

Clinical Pediatrics is a medical journal that follow to publish and to available information on a change of child-center care topics along with those of a clinical, scientific, behavioral, educational, or ethical nature. Clinical Pediatrics allergy is also one of the most important and widely studied areas in novel research of this field. Initial detection of cancer in children also is taking earlier attention in Clinical Pediatrics cancer.

Pediatric pulmonologists specialize in treating children breathing problems. Common conditions include Asthma, Pneumonia. Services like Pulmonary Function Testing and Flexible Fiberoptic Bronchoscopy (FFB) are included under Pediatric Pulmonology. Pulmonary function testing is a non-invasive test can be done in different ways to work best for children of various ages. An FFB allows pulmonologists to look inside the lungs with a fiberoptic scope. This more invasive procedure is not surgery but does require sedation.

Child abuse can also be said as child maltreatment, is the condition when a parent or caretaker whether by action or failure to act may cause injury, child death, and emotional harm or may a risk of serious effects to a child. Types of child maltreatment include:

• Psychological abuse& child neglect
• Adverse childhood experiences study
• Disclosure and diagnosis
• Prevention & treatment.